Command of Evidence - Data

A comprehensive study examining the impact of dietary habits on physical fitness among high school athletes has revealed intriguing correlations. Researchers analyzed various health metrics, including endurance levels, body mass index (BMI), and muscle strength, across athletes following different diets. The athletes were categorized into four dietary groups:

– Omnivores: Individuals who consume both plant-based foods and animal products, including meat and dairy.

– Vegetarians: Individuals who do not eat meat but may consume dairy products and eggs.

– Vegans: Individuals who do not consume any animal products, including meat, dairy, and eggs.

– Flexitarians: Individuals who primarily follow a plant-based diet but occasionally include meat or fish in their meals.

The following table summarizes the average endurance level (measured in minutes on a standardized endurance test) and BMI for each group:

Question: Based on the data provided, which statement best evaluates the relationship between dietary habits and the physical fitness metrics measured in the study?

A) Flexitarian athletes exhibit the highest endurance levels but maintain a higher BMI compared to vegetarians and vegans, indicating a less direct relationship between plant-based diets and physical fitness.
B) Vegan athletes, having the highest average endurance and the lowest BMI, demonstrate the strongest correlation between a plant-based diet and optimal physical fitness metrics.
C) Omnivore athletes, with the lowest endurance levels and highest BMIs, clearly benefit more from their dietary habits in terms of physical fitness compared to those on plant-based diets.
D) Vegetarian and vegan athletes show no significant difference in endurance levels and BMI, suggesting that eliminating meat alone, without fully adopting a vegan diet, provides the maximum benefit to physical fitness.

An international economics research institute recently conducted a study to analyze the impact of urban green spaces on the economic productivity of cities. Researchers compared the percentage of urban areas dedicated to green spaces, such as parks and gardens, with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and average life satisfaction scores of the inhabitants. The study aimed to identify if a correlation exists between the extent of urban greenery, economic performance, and the well-being of city dwellers. The collected data from various cities around the world are summarized below:

Question: What inference can be made from the study about the relationship between urban green spaces and the cities’ economic and social indicators?

A) Highly urbanized cities, with the least green space, demonstrate the best economic and social outcomes, indicating that urbanization is beneficial for city dwellers.
B) There is no clear correlation between the amount of green space in a city and its economic productivity or the well-being of its inhabitants.
C) Cities with higher percentages of urban green space show lower GDP per capita but higher life satisfaction scores, suggesting a trade-off between economic performance and quality of life.
D) The life satisfaction score increases as the GDP per capita decreases, which directly correlates with the percentage of urban green space, highlighting the negative impact of green spaces on economic performance.

A cultural analytics team embarked on a study to examine the relationship between local music scene vibrancy and youth engagement in community activities. They defined “music scene vibrancy” based on the number of live music events per month and “youth engagement” as the percentage of local youths (ages 13-25) participating in any community activity monthly. Additionally, they looked into the average annual spending on arts and culture by the local government. The study spanned cities with varying degrees of music scene vibrancy. The findings are presented below:

Question: What does the data suggest about the influence of a city’s music scene and government investment in arts on youth community engagement?

A) Increased government spending on the arts correlates with a more vibrant music scene and higher youth engagement, indicating a significant impact of cultural investment on community involvement.
B) Cities with low music scene vibrancy see the highest levels of youth engagement, suggesting that fewer live music events encourage more diverse community participation.
C) Youth engagement levels off at a moderate music scene vibrancy, showing no further benefits from an increased number of live music events or government spending on arts.
D) Government spending on the arts has little to no effect on youth engagement, as demonstrated by the uniform engagement rates across different levels of music scene vibrancy.

“Hamlet” is one of Shakespeare’s most performed plays, though its eponymous character is often seen as Shakespeare’s toughest character to play due the disproportionately vast number of lines an actor must memorise and deliver, in addition to the high proportion of stage time and complex demands of the character. The leading character in Measure for Measure, in contrast, has almost half the number of lines as the Prince of Denmark. Wanting to shorten running times, directors often cut the extensive original dialogue in “Hamlet”, though – despite such cuts – its loquacious titular role remains one of Shakespeare’s most formidable – and most desirable – roles.

Number of lines in a selection of Shakespeare plays

Play	Number of lines	Character with most lines	Number of lines
Hamlet	4024	Hamlet, Prince of Denmark	1506
Richard III	3718	Richard III, King of England	685
Measure for Measure	2839	Vincentio, Duke of Vienna	847
Taming of the Shrew	2641	Petruchio, Katherina’s suitor	589

Question: Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the statement that Hamlet is Shakespeare’s toughest role?

Hamlet has 358 separate speeches, meaning the actor playing him has many different cues to remember.
Unedited, Hamlet has more lines than Richard III and Vincentio combined.
While Hamlet and Richard III are two of Shakespeare’s most iconic roles, an actor playing Hamlet has almost triple the number of lines to master.
Petruchio is an easier role because much of the attention in Taming of the Shrew is on Katherina.

Introduced to the USA in 1969, monk parakeets were added to the Native Species List in 1983 after the parakeet’s population continued to steadily burgeon, particularly in Miami. Ornithologists have not reached consensus concerning the reason for monk parakeets’ population increase, though ornithologist Tim Mitchell hypothesises that monk parakeets have proven particularly adept at surviving and thriving in Miami because there are fewer competing bird species within the city.

Table illustrating the changes in population of Monk Parakeets between 1975-2011 in the USA as a whole and Miami.

Which choice best describes the data from the table that supports the hypothesis?

A) Parakeet populations have more than doubled in Miami between 2001-2011 which is reflected in the % increase of their overall USA population
B) Data trends indicate that the population of Parakeets in Miami will continue to double every 10 years as a result of their ability to outcompete other species of bird
C) Parakeets in Miami are increasing at a faster rate than other competing species within Miami
D) The Parakeet population in the USA as a whole is increasing at a greater rate than the number of species of competing birds in the USA

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